Cell Biology State Standards Review

1) The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:

    1. What is the function of the cell membrane? Please use the words "regulate," "semipermeable," "diffusion," "active transport," "protein receptors," "transport molecules," and "endocytosis and exocytosis" in your explanation.
    2. What do enzymes do and how do enzymes work? What are several factors that might change the rate at which they work? Please use the words: "catalysts," "activation energy," "chemical reactions," "enzyme," "substrate," "reactants" and "products.
    3. Describe how prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are alike and how they are different. Please use the words: "nucleus," "cell membrane," "ribosomes," "membrane bound organelles," "bacteria," "plants," "animals," "more complex" and "less complex."
    4. Explain the sequence of information flow from DNA code to Protein. Please use the following words: "DNA," "mRNA," "codons," "tRNA," "anticodons," "ribosomes," "amino acid sequences," "proteins," "transcription" and "translation."
    5. Explain the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins. Please use the words: "rough endoplasmic reticulum," "ribosomes," "transport vessicle," "Golgi apparatus," "cell membrane" and "exocytosis."
    6. Please summarize how usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and stored through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide. Please use the terms: "chlorophyll," "chloroplasts," "light reaction," "dark reaction," "Calvin's cycle," "carbon dioxide," "water," "light energy," "glucose," and "oxygen."
    7. Please explain the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide. Please use the terms: "mitochondria," "glucose," "oxygen," "water," "carbon dioxide," "glycolysis," "Kreb's cycle" and "electron transport."
    8. What roles do the macromolecules carbohydrates (glucose, starch, & cellulose), nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), proteins (including enzymes) and lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) play in organisms?

2) Mutation and sexual reproduction lead to genetic variation in a population. As a basis for understanding this concept:

    1. Explain how pairs of chromosomes separate and segregate randomly during meiosis to produce gametes containing one chromosome of each type.
    2. Explain which cells in the body undergo meiosis and which ones undergo mitosis. What is the purpose of each process?
    3. Explain how random chromosome segregation during meiosis determines the probability that a particular allele will be in a gamete.
    4. Explain how new combinations of alleles may be generated in a zygote through the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization.
    5. Why does approximately half of an individual's DNA sequence come from each parent?
    6. Explain the role of chromosomes in determining an individual's sex.
    7. How do you predict possible combinations of alleles in a zygote from the genetic makeup of the parents?
  1. A multicellular organism develops from a single zygote, and its phenotype depends on its genotype, which is established at fertilization. As a basis for understanding this concept:
    1. Students know how to predict the probable outcome of phenotypes in a genetic cross from the genotypes of the parents and mode of inheritance (autosomal or X-linked, dominant or recessive).
    2. Students know the genetic basis for Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment.