| 1.__________ is the process by which light energy, CO2, and H20 are converted to C6H1206 and O2. It occurs in two stages. The first stage, the 2.____________ begins when sunlight hits the green protein called 3.____________ and causes it to become excited. 4.___________ jump to higher energy levels and are accepted by a protein called the 5._______________ in the thylakoid membrane and passed along a series of proteins called the 6._______________. As the electron loses its energy, this causes H+ protons to be pumped into the thylakoid. The H+ comes from a 7.__________ molecule that is split by an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane releasing 8.________ to the atmosphere for us to breathe. Some of the reactive H+ protons are picked up by the coenzyme carrier molecule called 9._________ to become 10.__________ and are taken into the dark reaction. The H+ protons not carried by NADPH build up inside the thylakoid and are run through ATP synthase to turn ADP and P into 11.__________. The NADPH and ATP are then taken into the fluid surrounding the thylakoids called 12._________ where the dark reaction occurs. Stacks of thylakoids are called 13._________. | ATP |
| The dark reaction, or 14._____________, begins when 15.__________ accepts CO2 from the atmosphere. This forms an unstable 6-carbon sugar that quickly breaks down into two 3-carbon compounds called 16.___________. These two molecules combine with 17.____________ from the light reaction using the energy from 18.__________, also from the light reaction. A byproduct is released that contains H and O called 19.________. At the same time the PGA is converted to 20.____________ which can either be converted into 21._____________ (to be used for cellular respiration) or RuBP which then completes the Calvin Cycle and goes back to accept more 22._________ from the atmosphere to begin the process again. All organic molecules get their 23.____________ from glucose which got it from the CO2 pulled into the Calvin cycle and fixed during a process called 24.______________. | ATP |
Glucose and oxygen from photosynthesis can be used in the general process called 25._____________, which is the opposite of photosynthesis and occurs in the 26.______________. It begins with a process that splits glucose called 27._________________. It takes energy from two 28.________ molecules to get it started and then release 29.______ ATP's when glucose splits into two poisonous 30.________________ molecules. H+ are picked up and carried by NAD to become 31.___________. If there is no oxygen the condition is known as being 32.__________. This will result in either lactic acid or alcoholic 33._______________. Alcoholic fermentation releases 34._______ gas that goes back to the atmosphere and has an end product of 35.__________ alcohol. Lactic acid fermentation does not release gas, but causes 36.____________ soreness in animals that exercise too strenuously. |
anaerobic ATP cellular respiration CO2 ethyl fermentation four glycolysis mitochondria muscle NADH pyruvic acid |
If oxygen is available the condition is known as 37.__________________. Pyruvic acid breaks down to two 2-carbon compounds called 38.________ acid. This joins with CoenzymeA to become two 2-carbon _____________ molecules. These 2-carbon molecules are joined one at a time to a 4-carbon compound in the mitochondrial matrix to become the 6-carbon 39.______________ and are pulled into a process call 40._______________. The 6-carbon citric acid breaks down into a 5-carbon compound and releases the extra carbon as 41.__________ and stores the H+ in the carrier molecule 42.__________ . This 5-carbon compound breaks down to a 43.__________ compound, again releasing CO2 and NADH but also building an 44.________ from ADP and P. The 4-carbon compound is converted to another 4-carbon compound and the two extra H+ are picked up by FAD to become 45.___________. This 4 carbon compound is then converted to another 4-carbon compound, releases NADH, and picks up the other Acetyl-CoA to bring it into Kreb's cycle. Kreb's cycle happens 46.________ for each glucose molecule that goes through cellular respiration. |
4-carbon |
| In the last stages of 47._______________ the NADH donates its H+ and electrons to a series of proteins embedded in the 48._______________ of the mitochondria. The H+ and electrons are carried separetly through a chain of steps called the 49.________________ to join the H+ and electrons with O2 to become 50.__________. 51._________ energy molecules are produced from ADP and P as the H+ pass through the enzyme 52.__________ during the process of 53._______________. When cellular respiration is complete there are a total of 54.________ ATP's produced that can then be used for 55.________ cellular processes. In fact, ATP is the only molecule that can be used by the cell for all of its other cellular processes. ATP is and adenosine molecule with 56.______ P's attached to it. | 38 |