Biology Semester Test Review
1) Please place the following steps of the scientific method in order:
__hypothesis
__conclusion
__state the problem
__experiment (test the hypothesis)
__data analysis
__research
2) Please sequence the following events in the order they occur in protein making and secretion:
__Golgi apparatus refines protein
__mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the ribosome
__secretion vessicle heads for cell membrane to release protein
__amino acids bond to become protein
__rough endoplasmic reticulum fills with protein
__dna codes for mRNA in nucleus
__mRNA codes for tRNA attached to amino acids
3) What are the monomers of the following polymers?
Protein?______________; Starch?_______________; Cellulose?_______________; DNA?______________
4) What do the specialized proteins called enzymes do in living systems?
5) What is homeostasis?
6) Please label the animal cell with the following organelles and briefly write their functions:
nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
centrioles
ribosome
mitochondria
nucleus
nuclear membrane
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
7) What organelles are only in plants? Only in Animals? Draw a Vinn diagram to illustrate:
8) What happens to cells when they are placed in a hypotonic solution? An isotonic solution? A hypertonic solution?
9) How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other? The answer is in their formulas, so write them and see it.
Photosynthesis equation:
Respiration equation:
10) What organelles do respiration and photosynthesis take place in?
11) Define the following words:
phenotype
genotype
heterozygous
homozygous
alleles
12) How many phenotypes (expressions) would you expect to find for:
dominant & recessive traits ______
intermediate traits ______
polygenic traits ______
13) If a normal person heterozygous for albinism marries another person that is also heterozygous, what is the probability that they will have an albino baby girl?
14) What stages of mitosis are the following cells in?
15) How are mitosis and meiosis the same? How are they different? Draw a Vinn Diagram to illustrate this:
16) Can the following pedigree be a dominant trait? ________ recessive trait?________ sex-linked trait?________
17) What types of gene mutations exist? Please illustrate each using the phrase: DID YOU GET OUT
point mutation:____ ____ ____ ____
frameshift mutation by insertion:____ ____ ____ ____ _
frameshift mutation by deletion:____ ____ ____ ___
18) What types of chromosome mutations exist? Please illustrate each using the letters: ABCDEFG
deletion:
duplication:
translocation:
inversion:
19) Be able to code the following DNA strand for replication, transcription, and translation:
A C C G T A G T T
replication (DNA):
transcription (mRNA):
tRNA translation:
resulting 3 amino acids:
20) Be able to view a karyotype and identify if it is male or female and whether it is normal, has a monosomy, or has a trisomy. 
21) What advantages are there to asexual reproduction?
22) What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
23) What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
24) What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
25) How does the size of a DNA strand relate to the rate at which it is pulled through a gel during electrophoresis?
The larger the strand of DNA, the ______________ it moves through the gel.
The smaller the strand of DNA, the ______________it moves throught the gel.
26) List some examples of genetic engineering and their advantages to humans.
27) What process is being illustrated in this diagram? Know all labeled parts and their functions. 
28) What are examples of prokaryotic organisms? What do they lack?
29) The light reaction and Calvin cycle are stages of photosynthesis. Please order the following stages of respiration by placing numbers in front of them:
___Kreb's cycle (where hydrogens are ripped from carbons and carried to the electron transport by NAD and FAD)
___Electron transport (where finally the hydrogens from glucose are combined with oxygen and
___Glycolysis (where glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules)
30) What direction do molecules diffuse?
31) What are the functions of the cell wall? cytoskeleton? mitochondria? smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Golgi apparatus? cell membrane?
32) Which is longer, a macromolecule or a micromolecule? Proteins, lipids, and DNA are examples of which word?
33) Gametes are sperm and eggs. They contain only 1 allele for each gene. When they unite, how many alleles does the resulting zygote have?
34) Does mitosis produce haploid or diploid cells? Does meiosis produces sperm and eggs that are haploid or diploid cells?
35) When sperm fuses with an egg, what process just occurs?
36) What is a transgenic organism? How does genetic engineering make them?
37) What does the word genotype mean? What does the word phenotype mean?
38) If a liver cell contains all DNA messages (genes) to make 40,000 different proteins that make up all parts of the body, why must the cell's gene expression be controlled?
39) What effect on the protein will DNA mutation have?
40) What factors affect the rate of reactions with enzymes?
41) What is segregation? What process makes it happen?
42) What is independent assortment? When does it not work?
